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68 pages 2 hours read

The Hours

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1998

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Chapters 4-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary: “Mrs. Dalloway”

Clarissa exits the florist’s, feeling that her departure confines Barbara to the past while she persists into the present. On her way to Richard’s apartment, she stops where a small crowd has congregated outside the celebrity’s trailer, waiting to catch a glimpse of the celebrity. Waiting, like the other people, for 10 minutes embarrasses Clarissa. As she waits, she ponders morality; far into the future, time will have rendered the edgy teenagers in front of her to anonymous bones, while the movie star will live on in public memory. Clarissa feels attracted to the immortality fame confers.

Richard’s neighborhood, once a bohemian petri dish of novel possibilities, is now an airbrushed facsimile of its former self. Clarissa recalls Richard as he was in the old neighborhood, teenaged and graceful; she recalls standing with him, on the very corner on which she’s standing now, fighting over their future after their summer romance. She wanted freedom and was skeptical of his desire for her, wondering how he could prefer her sexless body to his lover Louis’ carnal, statuesque form. The fight seemed unremarkable at the time but now seems like a decisive turning point in their relationship.

The lobby of Richard’s building reminds Clarissa how perfectly it exemplifies squalor: “[The lobby] surprises her in almost the way a rare and remarkable object, a work of art, can continue to surprise; simply because it remains, throughout time, so purely and utterly itself” (63). Amidst the squalor, the original marble wainscoting commemorates a lost grandeur when the building was filled with dignified people who had hopes for the future. Clarissa is relieved the elevator isn’t working: The small, fluorescent space with the dreaded mirror makes her feel trapped. She prefers the freedom of the stairs.

Richard greets her as “Mrs. D,” making Clarissa wonder why he hasn’t retired the nickname. His two-room, dimly lit apartment makes her feel she’s entered an underwater space separate from the surrounding building. She finds Richard seated in his favorite, rotting chair, wrapped in an astronaut-themed children’s robe that renders him at once foolish and regal.

When Clarissa lets in daylight by opening a shade, Richard shuns it. He frequently suffers headaches and hears awesome voices: “I think of [the voices] as coalescences of black fire, I mean they’re dark and bright at the same time. There was one that looked a bit like a black, electrified jellyfish. They were singing, just now in [...] Greek. Archaic Greek” (70). Richard thinks Clarissa’s party has already happened, and he struggles to remember what he’s done for the past day. AIDS-related illness is affecting his cognition. He shows genuine disinterest in the movie star Clarissa saw. Clarissa attributes his disinterest in celebrity to his genius and ego: Richard is convinced there is no more interesting world than his, no more interesting people than his friends. Instead of belittling people like a typical egotist, however, Richard inflates those around him to a fictional grandiosity. Some dislike being made a character in Richard’s world, but Clarissa enjoys the idealized version of herself he projects.

Richard doesn’t want to attend the party, confessing he thinks he’s failed in his poetry and that the judges have only awarded him the prize because of his tragic fate. He confides in Clarissa something he’s never told anyone: He secretly thought he was a genius. He thinks this pride caused his downfall—the vastness and relentlessness of life overwhelmed his ambition, his confidence, himself. He says his only true regret is not having written about the life he and Clarissa might have led together. Clarissa realizes that even in a relationship, they could’ve accommodated their attraction to others. When Richard kisses her goodbye, she avoids his lips for fear of giving him a cold.

Chapter 5 Summary: “Mrs. Woolf”

Virginia finishes two hours of work feeling strong. She has high hopes for what she’s written but also doubts the appeal of a book about a single day in the life of a woman. Virginia restrains herself from continuing, knowing her work will only degrade after the hours she’s already spent.

Virginia fears the disruption to her work caused by the relapses of her headaches. She doesn’t believe “headache” adequately describes the searing lances of light that debilitate her. She sometimes experiences a visual migraine aura when she’s out in the world, and she imagines the visual distortions are a manifestation of the headache itself : “a scintillating silver-white mass floating over the cobblestones, randomly spiked, fluid but whole, like a jellyfish” (82). When the headaches’ brilliance completely overtakes her, she begins hearing the murmurs of old men that seem imbued with meaning. She’s distinguished in the murmurs the words “hurl” and “under”; one time, she heard sparrows singing in Greek. When she emerges, battered, from the miserable cocoon of bright light and voices, her creative vision is renewed. Though she fears a return to London would worsen her headaches, she’d rather be driven “mad” by them there than fade away in Richmond.

Downstairs, Virginia finds Leonard and Ralph—a temporary literary assistant—laboring over page proofs. She’s careful to remain aloof around Ralph, wary that he (or another assistant) will try to win her support in their battle against Leonard. Though Leonard is harsh and domineering with the assistants, Virginia is willing to overlook this for the care and companionship he provides her.

Leonard is angry the proofs Ralph composed contain numerous errors; Ralph doesn’t view them as a big problem. Virginia sees that neither man’s assessment of the problem is accurate: The feckless Ralph doesn’t see the value in producing quality work, while the domineering Leonard sees the small problem as a catastrophe. Ralph is grateful when Virginia assures them that they’ll be able to complete the proofs. Virginia resents that Ralph interprets her goodwill as being for his sake when it’s really for Leonard’s.

Chapter 6 Summary: “Mrs. Brown”

The chapter begins with a quote from Mrs. Dalloway: “Life, London, this moment of June” (90). As Laura sifts flour, she glimpses out the window the shadow of a bird crossing the white stucco of her neighbor’s house; for a moment she’s content, enraptured by the shadow and the colors and patterns in the kitchen.

Richie helps Laura with the cake with the earnestness of a small child. She’s flooded with affection for him, feeling that she could lovingly devour him the way she once did with the Eucharist wafer before converting for marriage. Laura feels her actual and ideal selves are perfectly aligned. She thinks of how she’ll craft these everyday ingredients into a cake more magnificent than its sum, a cake that will symbolize the health of the house. She compares this initial stage of creation to that of Virginia Woolf starting Mrs. Dalloway.

Laura entrusts Richie to measure a cup of flour and dump it in a bowl. Richie worries he’s misunderstood her instructions and will ruin everything by dumping the flour. He fearfully overturns the cup into the bowl, successfully; Laura says “oopsie,” bringing tears to Richie’s eyes. She sighs, confused by his reaction. Laura wants to leave and be free of him.

Laura assures Richie he did well, and his tears change to pride. She’s relieved the problem was easily solved. as he continues to measure flour, she’s filled again with love for him. She feels she’s slipped into the self that has remained inaccessible until now, a happy, harmonious self. She decides to embrace her domestic life and to not mourn the possibility of exploring her talents it foreclosed.

Chapters 4-6 Analysis

After a largely joyful start to her morning, in her second chapter Clarissa confronts her fear of death and conventionality. Waiting with the rest of a crowd for a glimpse of the celebrity, she thinks of Richard’s disdain for this sort of star worship. As a foil, Richard (even in his absence) reflects the qualities Clarissa resents in herself, namely, conventionality and ordinariness. Having earlier seen her own aging in the storefront window, she envies the immortality she believes celebrity confers on the movie star—the preservation of self in public memory.

Mirrors also threaten to reveal Clarissa as she truly is, in all her conventionality. She fears getting stuck in the elevator in Richard’s building—which is small and bright and has a mirror. She’s relieved it’s broken so she can take the stairs and avoid her reflection: “It is better to be free” (65). This is the freedom to avoid the reflection of herself, which would show her age and conventionality. Both of these characteristics are likely to elicit her fear of death; while the connection between aging and fear of death is clear, that between conventionality and fear is less so. Having to acknowledge her conventionality means acknowledging she hasn’t led the extraordinary life she thought she would—and, as she ages, this possibility is shrinking. Inside Richard’s apartment, Clarissa is also always shocked to see her reflection in a mirror. She’s habituated herself to ignore it: “Over the years, she has gotten used to ignoring the mirror” (68). This phrasing suggests that as she’s aged, Clarissa has become increasingly less willing to confront the failed and unfulfilled aspects of her life.

Meanwhile, Laura suffers an identity crisis that’s exacerbated by seeing herself reflected in her son, Richie. After Dan leaves for work, Laura loses her maternal instincts; suddenly, Richie’s reactions to her become incomprehensible to her, and she doesn’t know how to interact with him. For example, when he cries after dumping the flour into the bowl as she asked, she doesn’t understand why he cries after she says “oopsie.” Moments such as this make Laura feel like an imposter playing a role she doesn’t know and doesn’t want. This increases both her desire to escape back to Mrs. Dalloway and her guilt for wanting to. She thinks she should be able to play the role of the loving, understanding mother and wife.

Virginia and Richard’s storylines also share motifs. Both experience hallucinatory voices and headaches that Cunningham describes with remarkably similar imagery, drawing a parallel between the two writers. In the voices, both characters sometimes hear ancient Greek, connoting an attunement to an ancient fount of storytelling: ancient Greek drama. Finally, both are to some degree tortured by these headaches and voices, suggesting a connection between affliction and genius.

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