59 pages • 1 hour read
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Now 15 years old, Annie is unhappier than she dreamed possible. She feels that everything she used to love has turned bad. Whenever her mother says that Annie’s way of doing something reminds her of herself, Annie purposely changes her methods and even tries to find a method that her mother doesn’t like. She believes, without evidence, that her mother intentionally praises things that are special to her just to compel her to give up or change her habits. Annie thinks of her mother and herself as having two faces now: one to show Annie’s father and the world and another to show one another. In company, they behave kindly toward each other, and Annie is often soothed by her mother’s attention. However, once alone, Annie feels that she has never loved and hated someone as she does her mother, and she struggles to reconcile these feelings. In the past, hating someone meant wishing them dead, but she doesn’t think she could live without her mother.
Annie recounts a new recurring dream in which she walks along a shaded road, thinking to herself, “My mother would kill me if she got the chance. I would kill my mother if I had the courage” (89). At first, she is happy, but then she realizes that she could never have the courage to kill her mother and that it is likely that her mother will kill her instead. Because her mother has taught her to take dreams seriously, Annie does. She begins to compare daily scenarios to the words from her dream.
Having been moved ahead in school, Annie feels no camaraderie with the older girls, only competition. Annie soon masters her new subjects, finding only one other girl to match her intellectually. Annie tries to befriend this girl, but she is dull and smells bad, so Annie intentionally forgets her name. Annie and Gwen still walk home together, but Annie isn’t thrilled to see her like she used to be. She feels that she has grown new skin with different nerve endings because nothing feels the way it did. She daydreams of living alone in Belgium, having read about it in Jane Eyre, and fantasizes that her mother would only be able to write letters addressing her as Miss Annie Victoria John. Gwen’s asserts that Annie should marry Gwen’s brother, Rowan, so that the two girls can always be together; this makes Annie feel even more alone, and she begins to avoid Gwen.
One day after school, Annie waits for Gwen to leave and then walks downtown by herself. She looks at her reflection in the store windows, thinking how strange she appears. Her head and eyes are too big. Her skin is black in a way she has never noticed, as though, she says, she is covered in soot. Her braids stick out in all directions, her neck is quite thin, and there are little white bumps on her face. She looks old and miserable, and she thinks of a picture she saw recently of a painting called The Young Lucifer. In this picture, a youthful Lucifer is alone and naked, standing amidst a charred landscape. His hair is made of snakes, and he smiles, but Annie can tell that the smile is a mask to cover up his loneliness and misery. Thinking of the painting now, she feels so sorry for herself that she begins to cry.
Then she sees a group of boys across the street. Although they say pretty words, their tone and laughter make Annie think they are mocking her. She knows only one of the boys, Mineu, with whom she used to play years ago. He is three years older than she is and always gave her the lesser roles in their games; she would be the servant or dragon, while he was the conqueror or knight. One day, they reenacted a local scandal that involved a trial and hanging: Mineu was to “hang” on the fence, and then Annie would weep over his body. However, the noose got caught somehow, tightening painfully while Mineu tried to escape, his body banging the gate. Annie became paralyzed and failed to help or even call their mothers. Mineu’s mother eventually came out, hearing the gate slamming, and she began screaming, prompting Annie to scream, too. Later, Annie could not explain herself or her inaction.
Seeing him now, Annie walks over and holds out her hand, greeting him politely. He remembers her, and the other boys step aside. When he rejoins his group a moment later, the boys all laugh. Annie supposes that they are laughing at her. She then recalls the last time she played with Mineu and remembers the new game he made up, in which she had to take off all her clothes and sit on the ground until he told her what to do next. He directed her to sit in a particular spot, and it didn’t take long for Annie to realize that she was sitting on a nest of fire ants. They began to sting her everywhere, and she cried in pain while Mineu laughed.
Arriving home, Annie senses that something is wrong. Her mother asks her why she is late. Annie claims that she stayed late at school, but her mother knows it’s a lie because she saw Annie talking to the boys. Angrily, she tells Annie that she spent years teaching Annie to behave properly and never expected to see her acting like a “slut.” Annie’s mother repeats the slur so much that Annie feels like she is drowning in it, and she finally fires back, saying, “like mother like daughter” (102). In this moment, her mother turns back to the stove, looking broken, which makes Annie both happy and sad.
When Annie peers at her mother’s back, she sees that her mother isn’t broken at all but is still quite beautiful. Suddenly, Annie wants to apologize but cannot, and she feels as though a deep chasm has opened between them. She goes to her room and considers the furniture, which was made by her carpenter father. Annie and her mother are the same height now, both taller than him. She reveals that her mother is named Annie, too, and this is why her parents call her “Little Miss.” Looking at her mother’s trunk, Annie thinks about the fight that her mother had with her own father before she left her home in Dominica; she wanted to live alone, and he refused to allow it. In this moment, Annie misses her mother more than ever, and she simultaneously wishes that her mother were dead. Later, Annie asks her father to make her a trunk of her own, and Annie glances at her mother, seeing the woman’s shadow on the wall. She thinks that for the rest of her life, she will never know for sure whether it is her mother or her mother’s shadow standing between her and the world.
In this chapter, it is revealed that Annie’s middle name is Victoria, presumably for the 19th-century English queen whose birthday everyone on the island is expected to celebrate, and that her mother’s given name is also Annie. These names are significant symbols that reveal Annie’s parents’ expectations. Because the Johns have chosen to give Annie her mother’s name as well as the famous queen’s, it is implied that they wish her to emulate her mother and be strong, beautiful, dutiful, and intelligent. Additionally, by naming their daughter after England’s famous queen—one who was known for her strict sense of personal morality—Annie’s parents indicate that their own sense of propriety is aligned with that of the English colonizers. Instead of seeing the English as unjust oppressors who have inflicted their own history, customs, and religion on the people of Antigua, the Johns hold them up as models to emulate, and this pattern reflects The Dangerous Effects of Oppression, as they have embedded the essence of colonial ideals into their daughter’s very identity. Ironically, however, both Annie’s mother and Queen Victoria were rebellious in their youth. Annie reveals that her mother moved to Antigua from Dominica at 16, all by herself, after a huge fight with her father over her desire for independence. Similarly, even Queen Victoria also rebelled against her mother, who was very protective and severely limited Victoria’s freedoms when the queen was a girl. Thus, while Annie will continue to find the connotations of her own name to be problematic, the respective adolescent rebellions enacted by these women against their mothers highlight one of the novel’s most significant themes: The Normalcy of Youthful Rebellion in any cultural context.
Annie’s thoughts about The Young Lucifer painting, which are immediately followed by a recognition of her own sense of misery and self-pity, recall Kincaid’s earlier allusion to Paradise Lost. Annie feels sympathy for Lucifer as he is depicted in the painting because she feels that she, too, has been cast out of the paradise of a parent’s love, doomed to suffer disfavor through no fault of her own. She did nothing to compel her mother to turn all her attention to Annie’s father, who, to Annie, is nothing special, just as Lucifer feels that he did nothing to deserve the revocation of God’s attention when God seems to favor humans over angels. Within her own fraught world, Annie feels like a persecuted innocent, especially when her own mother accuses her of behaving like a “slut” when she has only spoken to Mineu for a moment. Annie therefore feels that she is all alone in the world, villainized and misunderstood, and she imagines that this is how Lucifer must have felt too.
The encounter with Mineu also allows Kincaid to highlight the double standard in society’s expectations of women, as Annie’s memories of her childhood games with Mineu reveal the deeply unequal power dynamics at work, both within their interactions and within the culture that has molded them. In each game, he always ensured that he played the starring, active, heroic roles. Likewise, he forced Annie to play minor, unflattering parts that compelled her to serve and obey him. In many ways, Annie’s parts resembled the real-life roles of her mother and paternal grandmother, both of whom devoted themselves to serving her father. Always compelled to be passive, to take directions, and to perform her characters’ duties, Annie learned to be submissive rather than to actively solve her problems. Just as society teaches Annie to be dutiful and respectful, so her play with Mineu once taught her the same, and then she was punished and blamed when she failed to act decisively. Without Mineu telling her what to do, she couldn’t do anything, but rather than blaming Mineu for forcing Annie to play the lesser roles, or blaming men for expecting women to be dutiful and respectful, society blames Annie for not knowing how to act in the absence of male directives.
Annie and her mother are now of equal height, symbolizing Annie’s sense of having equal power in their relationship. She often feels wounded, but she knows that she can wound others, too. For example, when her mother accuses her of acting like a “slut,” Annie feels that she must “save [her]self” (102), and she claims that she only acts as her mother does, thereby hurting her mother in recompense. Ironically, her statement is objectively true, as Annie’s mother does not behave promiscuously, and nor did Annie. Again, however, this episode highlights the double standards that exist in Annie’s community, as even when girls and boys act in similar ways, girls are judged more harshly. Even Annie’s mother, once a girl who rebelled against her own father’s authority, has internalized these double standards to such a great degree that she insults and belittles her own daughter in an effort to force Annie to conform. Though the behavior is borne out of her love and desire for Annie to live a respectable and comfortable life, it deepens the wedge between them, leading Annie to become further alienated from her mother’s values. After this fight, Annie’s request for a trunk of her own indicates another way in which Annie feels that she is now her mother’s equal. However, her confidence is undermined by her doubt over whether it is her mother herself or merely Annie’s idea of her mother that influences her view of the world and her own choices. This moment indicates that Annie may possess a dawning awareness that her mother is not actively trying to hurt her and that her mother’s behavior only seems hurtful because Annie interprets it as meanness. This supports the novel’s emphasis on the myriad effects of Misinterpreted Parental Love.
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By Jamaica Kincaid